Which doctrine deals with a defendant’s sufficient contacts with the forum to justify court assertion of jurisdiction, requiring potentially fair play and substantial justice?

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The main idea here is the minimum contacts standard, which asks whether the defendant has enough connection with the forum for it to be fair to require them to defend there. Under this doctrine, a court can exercise jurisdiction if the defendant has purposefully availed themselves of the forum’s protections and opportunities, and maintaining the suit there would be reasonable in light of traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. If those contacts are not substantial enough, asserting jurisdiction would offend due process.

General jurisdiction, by contrast, looks at continuous and systematic contacts that amount to being “at home” in the forum, allowing the court to hear any case. The foreseeability notion isn’t the controlling test for establishing jurisdiction in this context, and a consent-based approach only applies when the defendant has explicitly agreed to jurisdiction or chosen forum, not as a general standard for when jurisdiction is permissible.