During grand jury proceedings, when are Miranda warnings required?

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Miranda warnings protect a person who is in custody and subject to police interrogation. A grand jury proceeding is not a police custodial interrogation; witnesses are compelled to testify under subpoena in a secret investigative setting. Because the situation isn’t custodial police questioning, Miranda warnings aren’t required. The Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination can still apply, and witnesses can invoke immunity or the Fifth, but warnings themselves aren’t triggered by grand jury testimony. Also, defendants generally don’t have a right to attend or confront witnesses in a grand jury, a right that attaches at trial rather than in the grand jury. So, there are no circumstances in grand jury proceedings where Miranda warnings are required for witnesses.